Research on the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programs

16 papers found

• 1974· Perceptual and Motor Skills· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 1
  McIntyre, M. E.; Silverman, F. H.; and Trotter, W. D. Transcendental Meditation and stuttering: A preliminary report. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: 294, 1974.

  A reduction in stuttering was reported by subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique.

  • Health—General: Decreased Stuttering
• 1977· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 1
  Orme-Johnson, D. W.; Arthur, G. K.; Franklin, L.; and O’Connell, J. The Transcendental Meditation technique and drug abuse counselors. Department of Research and Evaluation, Drug and Alcohol Abuse Control and Prevention Program, Fort Bliss, Texas, USA, 1972.

  Mental health improved in people practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique.

  • Psychological Health: Improved Mental Health
  • Psychological Health: Decreased Anxiety
  • Psychological Health: Decreased Hypochondria
  • + 1 more findings
• 1984· Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 4
  Wolkove, N.; Kreisman, H.; Darragh, D.; Cohen, C.; and Frank, H. Effect of Transcendental Meditation on breathing and respiratory control. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology 56(3): 607–612, 1984.

  Decreased minute ventilation and increased galvanic skin resistance were found during Transcendental Meditation, but not during ordinary eyes-closed relaxation. Further measurements suggest that changes in ventilation during Transcendental Meditation are mediated by central neural effects of the practice.

  • During the Practice—Respiratory/Metabolic: Decreased Minute Ventilation
  • During the Practice—Respiratory/Metabolic: Episodes of Spontaneous Breath Suspension (Not Followed by Hyperventilation)
  • During the Practice—Respiratory/Metabolic: Findings Suggesting Changes in Chemical and Neural Control of Breathing
  • + 1 more findings
• 1989· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 4
  Törber, S.; Mertesdorf, F.; and Hiesel, E. Effects of Transcendental Meditation on mood and bodily sensations. Diplomarbeit of first author (summary), University of Cologne, Cologne, W. Germany, 1976.

  Subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique experienced less depression, anxiety, nervousness, anger, fatigue, and dreaminess, and more relaxation, activation, elation, and physical well-being than controls. These findings were supported by scores on personality dimensions.

  • Psychological Health: Less Neuroticism (Greater Emotional Stability)
  • Psychological Health: Less Anxiety
  • Psychological Health: Less Anger
  • + 13 more findings
• 1995· Hypertension· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 6
  Schneider, R. H.; Staggers, F.; Alexander, C. N.; Sheppard, W.; Rainforth, M.; Kondwani, K.; Smith, S.; and King, C. G. A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction for hypertension in older African Americans. Hypertension 26: 820–827, 1995.

  Hypertensive individuals who learned the Transcendental Meditation program displayed reductions of high systolic and diastolic blood pressure after three months, in comparison to those practicing muscle relaxation and in comparison to controls receiving education about lowering blood pressure through modifying their lifestyle.

  • Health—Cardiovascular: Reduction of High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Subjects
• 1996· Hypertension· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 6
  Alexander, C. N.; Schneider, R. H.; Staggers, F; Sheppard, W.; Clayborne, B. M.; Rainforth, M.; Salerno, J.; Kondwani, K.; Smith, S.; Walton, K. G.; and Egan, B. Trial of stress reduction for hypertension in older African Americans: II. Sex and risk subgroup analysis. Hypertension 28: 228–237, 1996.

  This study found that the Transcendental Meditation program reduced high systolic and diastolic blood pressure among all subgroups of hypertensive patients—both men and women, and both high and low psychosocial stress subjects—in contrast to control subjects. Those participating in the Transcendental Meditation program, irrespective of their subgroup on five other risk measures for high blood pressure—obesity, alcohol use, physical inactivity, dietary sodium-potassium intake, and an overall index of all risk factors—also showed reduction of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in comparison to control subjects.

  • Health—Cardiovascular: Reduction of High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Found for both Men and Women, and both High and Low Psychosocial Stress Subjects who Learned the Transcendental Meditation program
  • Health—Cardiovascular: Reduction of High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Irrespective of Score on Five Other Measures of Risk for High Blood Pressure—Obesity, Alcohol Use, Physical Inactivity, Dietary Sodium-Potassium Intake, and Index of All Risk Factors Combined
• 1997· Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An International Journal· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 7
  Sheppard, William D.; Staggers, Frank J.; John, Lucille. The effects of a stress management program in a high security government agency. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 10: 341–350, 1997.

  Employees of a federal government agency randomly assigned to learn the Transcendental Meditation program, in contrast to a corporate stress management program, showed after three months decreased trait anxiety and decreased depression; follow-up measurements three years later indicated decreased trait and state anxiety, decreased depression, and improved self-concept in the group that had learned the Transcendental Meditation program.

  • Self Development: Improved Self-Concept
  • Psychological Health: Decreased Anxiety
  • Psychological Health: Decreased Depression
• 1997· Journal of the National Medical Association· Research Review· Collected Papers Vol. 7
  Barnes, Vernon; Schneider, Robert; Alexander, Charles; and Staggers, Frank. Stress, stress reduction, and hypertension in African Americans: An updated review. Journal of the National Medical Association 89: 464–476, 1997.

  The authors review research on the causes of high levels of hypertension in African Americans, and studies indicating that the Transcendental Meditation technique reduces stress and hypertension.

  • Review Paper—Health: Research Review—Effects of Transcendental Meditation on Behavioral Stress Reduction and Hypertension
• 1999· Psychosomatic Medicine· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 7
  Barnes, V. A.; Treiber, F. A.; Turner, J. R.; Davis, H.; and Strong, W. B. Acute effects of Transcendental Meditation on hemodynamic functioning in middle-aged adults. Psychosomatic Medicine 61: 525–531, 1999.

  Individuals practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique showed reduced systolic blood pressure and reduced peripheral vasoconstriction (total peripheral resistance) during the practice, in contrast to controls sitting with eyes closed. The participants in the Transcendental Meditation program, in contrast to the control group, also showed reduced systolic blood pressure and reduced peripheral vasoconstriction during an eyes-open rest period prior to meditation or rest. Changes in vasoconstriction during Transcendental Meditation may be responsible for reduced blood pressure.

  • Health—Cardiovascular: Decreased Systolic Blood Pressure during Eyes-Open Rest Prior to Transcendental Meditation in Contrast to Controls
  • Health—Cardiovascular: Decreased Peripheral Vasoconstriction during Eyes-Open Rest Prior to Transcendental Meditation in Contrast to Controls
  • During the Practice—Cardiovascular: Decreased Systolic Blood Pressure during the Transcendental Meditation technique
  • + 1 more findings
• 2001· Journal of Psychosomatic Research· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 7
  Barnes, V. A.; Treiber, F. A.; and Davis, H. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on cardiovascular function at rest and during acute stress in adolescents with high normal blood pressure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 51: 597–605, 2001.

  Adolescents with high normal blood pressure who were randomly assigned to learn the Transcendental Meditation program, in contrast to a health education control group, showed a significant reduction of resting systolic blood pressure over two months as well as reduction in stress reactivity of systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output.

  • Health—Cardiovascular: Decreased Resting Systolic Blood Pressure
  • Health—Cardiovascular: Calmer Response to Stress, as Measured by Systolic Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and Cardiac Output Reactivity
• 2003· Health and Quality of Life Outcomes· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 7
  Barnes, Vernon A.; Bauza, Lynnette B.; and Treiber, Frank A. Impact of stress reduction on negative school behavior in adolescents. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1: 10, 2003.

  This random assignment study found that adolescent students who learned the Transcendental Meditation technique, and participated in daily group practice, showed decreased absenteeism, reduced school rule infractions, and fewer suspension days due to behavior problems, in contrast to control students who participated in a health education course for an equivalent amount of time each day.

  • Academic Performance: Reduction of Absentee Periods
  • Academic Performance: Decrease in School Rule Infractions
  • Academic Performance: Reduction in Suspension Days
• 2003· Journal of Offender Rehabilitation· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 7
  Alexander, Charles N.; Rainforth, Maxwell V.; Frank, Paul R.; Grant, James D.; von Stade Christopher; and Walton, Kenneth G. Walpole study of the Transcendental Meditation program in maximum security prisoners III: Reduced recidivism. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 36: 161–180, 2003.

  Prison inmates in Massachusetts, USA, who learned the Transcendental Meditation program while incarcerated showed significantly less return to prison for 30 days or longer in contrast to control groups from the same prison, as well as in significantly lower rate of re-incarceration due to new arrests.

  • Rehabilitation of Offenders: Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Decreased Recidivism
  • Rehabilitation of Offenders: Rehabilitation of Prisoners: Decreased Recidivism in Comparison to Other Prison Treatment Programs
• 2004· American Journal of Hypertension· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 7
  Barnes, V.A.; Treiber, F.A.; Johnson, M.H. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on ambulatory blood pressure in African-American adolescents. American Journal of Hypertension 17: 366–369, 2004.

  Adolescents with high normal blood pressure who were randomly assigned to learn the Transcendental Meditation program, in contrast to a health education control group, showed greater decreases of ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure over a four-month period.

  • Health—Cardiovascular: Reduction of High Blood Pressure During Daily Activity
• 2005· American Journal of Hypertension· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 7
  Schneider, R.H.; Alexander C.N.; Staggers, F.; Orme-Johnson, D.W.; Rainforth, M.; Salerno, J.W.; Sheppard, W.; Castillo-Richmond, A.; Barnes, V.A.; Nidich, S.I. A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction in African Americans treated for hypertension for over one year. American Journal of Hypertension 18: 88–98, 2005.

  Individuals with hypertension who learned the Transcendental Meditation program showed significantly greater reduction of diastolic blood pressure, as well as reduced hypertensive medication, in contrast to muscle relaxation control group and a health education control over a one-year period.

  • Health—Cardiovascular: Decreased Diastolic Blood Pressure
  • Health—Cardiovascular: Decreased Use of Hypertensive Medication
• 2005· Journal of Social Behavior and Personality· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 7
  Barnes, Vernon A.; Schneider, Robert H.; Alexander, Charles N.; Rainforth, Maxwell; Salerno, John; and Staggers, Frank. Impact of the Transcendental Meditation program on mortality in older African Americans with hypertension—Eight-year follow-up. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 17: 201–216, 2005.

  This follow-up study found that elderly individuals with hypertension who were randomly assigned to learn the Transcendental Meditation technique showed significantly reduced mortality due to cardiovascular disease after eight years, in contrast to individuals assigned to a health education control group.

  • Health—Aging: Reduced Mortality Due to Cardiovascular Disease
• 2005· The American Journal of Cardiology· Empirical· Collected Papers Vol. 7
  Schneider, R.H.; Alexander, C.N.; Staggers, F.; Rainforth, M.; Salerno, J.W.; Hartz, A.; Arndt, S.; Barnes, V.A.; and Nidich, S.I. Long-term effects of stress reduction on mortality in persons > or = 55 years of age with systemic hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology 95: 1060–1064, 2005.

  Follow-up data from two randomized controlled trials found that hypertensive individuals over age 55 who began the Transcendental Meditation program displayed lower overall mortality rate and lower cardiovascular mortality rate in comparison to controls receiving other treatments.

  • Health—Aging: Reduced Mortality Due to All Causes
  • Health—Aging: Decreased Cardiovascular Mortality Rate