Travis et al., 2004
Travis, Frederick; Arenander, Alarik; and DuBois, David. Psychological and physiological characteristics of a proposed object-referral/self-referral continuum of self-awareness. Consciousness and Cognition 13: 401–420, 2004.
Participants in the Transcendental Meditation program, particularly those reporting stabilized experience of Transcendental Consciousness, displayed a more abstract definition of self, greater inner orientation, higher principled moral reasoning, lower state and trait anxiety, greater emotional stability, greater extraversion, greater agreeableness, and greater openness to experience, as well as higher scores on a consciousness factor derived from multiple personality tests.
- Year
- 2004
- Journal
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publication type
- Journal
- Paper type
- Empirical
- Collected Papers
- Vol. 7, pp. 4841–4854
- Section
- Development of Personality
Findings (10)
Self Development
Stabilized Pure Consciousness Associated with Subjective Description of Self as Underlying Thought, Feeling and Action (Self-Referral Mode)
Transcendental Meditation · Cross-sectional comparison of groups
Higher Scores on a Consciousness Factor of Personality Variables
Transcendental Meditation · Cross-sectional comparison of groups
Greater Inner Orientation
Transcendental Meditation · Cross-sectional comparison of groups
Cognitive Performance
Higher Moral Reasoning
Transcendental Meditation · Cross-sectional comparison of groups
Psychological Health
Lower State Anxiety
Transcendental Meditation · Cross-sectional comparison of groups
Lower Trait Anxiety
Transcendental Meditation · Cross-sectional comparison of groups
Greater Emotional Stability
Transcendental Meditation · Cross-sectional comparison of groups
Greater Openness to Experience
Transcendental Meditation · Cross-sectional comparison of groups
Social Behavior
Greater Extraversion
Transcendental Meditation · Cross-sectional comparison of groups
Greater Agreeableness
Transcendental Meditation · Cross-sectional comparison of groups
Authors
- Frederick Travis, PhD
Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA, USA
- Alarik Arenander, PhD
Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, IA, USA
- David DuBois, PhD
Psychological Systems and Research, Inc., Fairfield, IA, USA